Feature Essay - Shreemaadal, Maadalay Geet, Maaruni Naach: The Prime Music of Hills Practised in the Regions of Sikkim, Darjeeling, Kalimpong

Abstract

This essay explores the vibrant and culturally significant folk music traditions of the Indian Himalayan region, with a focus on Sikkim, Darjeeling, and Kalimpong. Central to this study are three key elements of Indian Nepali folk heritage: Shreemaadal, Maadalay Geet, and Maaruni Naach. Together, these represent a holistic form of musical expression consistent with the Indian classical concept of “Geetam Vaadyam Tathaa Nrityam Trayam Sangeetam Uchyate,” wherein vocal music, instrumental accompaniment, and dance are integrally combined. Of these, the Shreemaadal—a barrel-shaped leather drum akin to the Pakhawaj—emerges as the primary percussion instrument, grounding performances with its rich, resonant rhythm. The study also highlights the Paschimey Maadal, a smaller, high-pitched Nepali drum used widely in folk and film music. Though centered on Indian Nepali traditions, the work also touches upon the musical expressions of the Bhutia and Lepcha communities, framing all within a broader ethnomusicological lens. Drawing from ethnography, linguistics, and musicology, the research emphasizes how these traditions sustain cultural identity, foster intergenerational transmission, and strengthen community bonds. This study reaffirms the importance of preserving these traditions as part of India’s intangible cultural heritage.